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By Nor-Afidah Abd Rahman written on 2005-09-09
National Library Board Singapore

Comments on article: InfopediaTalk

Origins
Echigoya Gofukuten (Draper), a Japanese store that sold textiles and garments, was located at 23 Middle Road in Little Japan when it first opened in 1908. Little Japan started with the karayuki-san (Japanese prostitutes) whose services in numerous Japanese brothels in Malay, Malabar and Hiram streets from 1877 to 1920 made Little Japan famous as the Japanese red-light district.  The presence of the karayuki-san in fact helped the Echigoya store to flourish in its early years.  Japanese drapers stores were indispensable in the red-light area because the karayuki-san usually wore kimono.  Before WWI, other drapers that served the prostitutes apart from Echigoya included Koyama Shinnosukes Shin-Koyama Shoten also in Middle Road, Koyama Yoshimatsus Koyama Shoten in Malabar Street, Shriono Shozos Nihon Shokai in North Bridge Road, and Ishii Inosukes Maruju Gofukuten. Echigoya though was the most successful.

The pioneer of Echigoya was Chubei Takahashi (b. 1870, Kashiwazaki, Niigata, Japan d. 1933) who adopted the old name of his birthplace (Echigo is the old name of Niigata) for his store in Singapore.  Chubei and wife Sawa left Japan in 1896 and started a trading business in Shanghai, Taiwan and Hong Kong prior to his move to Singapore.  In Hong Kong, Chubei set up a drapers shop in the Japanese red-light district in 1904 but the lack of success led to his move to Singapore. 

When the Japanese Consulate General in Singapore banned Japanese brothels in 1920, Echigoya diversified and successfully attracted the Europeans. This helped to ensure the longevity of its business in pre-war times.

Pre-war

From a two-storey shophouse in Middle Road, Echigoya sold kimono and related goods to Japanese prostitutes in cash.  Chubei's staff were all taken from his hometown of Kashiwazaki, fresh graduates from the school of commerce. The store's fortune hit a brief snag when licensed Japanese prostitution was banned in 1920, but craftily Chubei steered his business towards catering to Caucasian customers' apparel needs though not without some difficulties initially.  One well-known European who raved about Echigoya was Roland Braddell, of the famous Braddell family, who served as Municipal Commissioner from 1914 to 1929.  In his book that was first published in 1934, The lights of Singapore (1982), he wrote: 

Indeed, Chubei became a very wealthy man.  He built a luxurious mansion in his hometown of Kashiwazaki and donated to the building of the town's City Hall.  In 1916, a 13-year old Fukuda Kurahachi (b. 1903, Gunma, Japan) who later became Chubei's successor, had just completed primary school when he was brought by Chubei to Singapore to work in Echigoya.  After Chubei's death in 1933, his wife Sawa reorganised the store into a company, Echigoya & Co. Limited, with Fukuda as the general manager.  She maintained 50 per cent of the company's shares while the rest was owned by the staff of Echigoya including Fukuda.  Under Fukuda's management, business prospered and the store expanded and relocated to a three-storey shophouse at 131 Middle Road in 1937. The store had a lift, then the only place in Singapore with one installed. The new store operated from this location until 1945.

Post-war and closure

Echigoya had to wind up its business in 1945 when the Japanese was defeated in the war. The British sequestered the company's assets.  But the chance to revive its business came in 1954 when a Singapore resident, Mr Hu, called on Fukuda to help him import silk goods, piece goods, sundry goods and other products from Japan.  The Colonial Administration in Singapore then did not permit the entry of any Japanese who had resided in Singapore during the Japanese Occupation.  But with the help of a certain Briton who was once Echigoya's loyal customer prior to the war and who worked in the Immigration Department, a special arrangement was made for Fukuda's return to Singapore. 

Fukuda was among the earliest Japanese to come back to Singapore, which had numbered 20 when Fukuda returned in late 1954. In July 1955, a step nearer to reviving Echigoya, Fukuda obtained permission from the Singapore government to re-open the store.  With capital subscribed by Lai En Ho, an overseas Chinese of British nationality, and arranged by Lim Chong Geok of the Badminton Association, the sum of $150,000 was raised and a retail store was re-established.  On 9 November 1955, a new chapter began for Echigoya & Co. when it resumed its retail business at Coleman Street with Fukuda as the general manager. The occasion was favourably reported in the local Chinese newspaper Xingzhoubao. 

Echigoya was the first Japanese company to be registered in post-war Singapore and its return marked the enduring ties it had cultivated with the country. In subsequent years, Fukuda was key to bringing back Japanese business to Singapore when anti-Japanese feelings were riding high. His contributions earned him a Fifth Class Order of the Sacred Treasure in 1974, an award given by Emperor Hirohito for his service to the Japanese community in Singapore.

In 1971, Echigoya shifted to Neil Road where it continued its business of importing and selling textiles until 1977.  In the same year, Fukuda returned to Japan, ending his 65 years of living and working in Singapore.

Author
Nor-Afidah Abd Rahman



References
Braddell, R. (1982). The lights of Singapore (pp. 87-88). Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.

(Call no.: RSING 959.75 BRA-[HIS])

Hiroshi, S, & Hitoshi, H. (1999). Japan and Singapore in the world economy: Japan's economic advance into Singapore, 1870-1965 (pp. 37-39, 127, 167-169, 178-179). London: New York: Routledge.

(Call no.: RSING 337.5205957 SHI)

Hirayama, M. (2003, January). Alumni in Singapore have a great time: Singapore-Niigata ties. IUJ Alumni News, 6. Retrieved September 9, 2005, from http://iuj.jp/alumni/newsletter/pdf/2003-1-news.pdf

Kajita, T. (2005, June 18). Singapore's Japanese prostitute era paved over. The Japan Times online. Retrieved August 10, 2005, from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050618f1.htm

Prewar Japanese community in Singapore: picture and record (pp. 36-41, 64-65, 82-91). (1998). Singapore: Japanese Association.
Tsu, Y. H. (n.d). Japanese in Singapore and Japan's southward expansionism, 1860-1945: Historical notes for under another sun. Retrieved September 9, 2005, from Asian Educational Media Service  website: www.aems.uiuc.edu/HTML/UAS/Tsu.html

Further Readings
Makan Time. (1995 - 2004). The representative Singaporean chicken rice restaurant. Retrieved September 9, 2005, from www.makantime.com/paradise/cr5e.htm